• Energetics and flux closure as a core approach for forest-atmosphere exchange, integrating energy budgets, latent/sensible heat flux partitioning, and evapotranspiration estimates in pine and Douglas fir stands [1], [2], [3], [15], [6].

• Theoretical and simplified models underpinning vegetation-atmosphere coupling, including one-dimensional formulations and flux-profile relations to describe surface exchange under various stability and canopy conditions [12], [13], [14].

• Hydrological and evapotranspiration budgeting in climate-soil-vegetation systems, linking rainfall statistics, soil moisture, interception, and canopy processes to annual water balance [5], [11], [8], [16].

• Ecological and eco-physiological perspectives on vegetation–atmosphere interactions emphasize ecosystem productivity and canopy-scale processes as organizing principles for interpreting energy and water fluxes in forests [7], [19], [9].